How Much Does It Cost To Repair A Road

5. ROAD COSTS ESTIMATES

five.i GENERAL
five.two STAKING, FELLING, FORMING, CLEARING AND MISCELLANEOUS WORK3
5.3 GRAVELLING

5.ane GENERAL

Auto costs in mechanized wood road construction may easily amount to lxxx to 90 percentage of the total road costs, thus construction activities must be advisedly planned so that the equipment is used equally efficiently as possible and thus idle time of the machines is minimized.

The skill of the forest engineer who does the road location and pattern is critical to the overall structure costs.

Route structure costs may vary considerably depending mainly on the terrain and soil atmospheric condition, road standards, machine and labour costs, etc., equally well as on the skill of operators and labourers involved. However, since road construction techniques are like throughout the world, one tin can easily derive reasonable cost estimates in one case the main conditioning factors take been identified, past applying figures from similar road construction projects.

For the purpose of facilitating your task in estimating forest route costs and for reasons of comparing costs, it is appropriate to break downwardly labour and motorcar costs into their different elements.

The following breakup is suggested:

(i) Surveying, staking the alignment and clearing correct of style
(two) Formation of the road

(iii) Rock blasting

(iv) Drainage facilities (ditching, culverts)

(v) Crushing gravel

(vi) Gravelling, grading and compacting

(vii) Construction and environs protection works (bridges, retaining structures and soil stabilization works). The cost of construction of these is not dealt with in this paper.

(viii) Miscellaneous piece of work (such equally send, commitment and small earth works)

(ix) Projection servicing costs

One time the costs have been calculated for the unlike elements, unit costs (costs per g, per m³, per piece of construction work) should be adult to facilitate in estimating costs in hereafter road projects and for comparative purposes.

five.2 STAKING, FELLING, FORMING, CLEARING AND MISCELLANEOUS WORK3

^three Miscellaneous piece of work such as construction of sub-base culverts and road-side drains.

In the case of a complete absence of costs information for wood route structure in tropical countries, FAO has developed a cost formula applicable to 4 dissimilar road standards and slopes, comprising the following work elements: felling; forming; clearing; grading and miscellaneous work. These piece of work elements represent a major share of the full road costs.

The equation reads as follows:

C_one= 370+(27xSL)+(1050xST_i)+(48xSLxST_i)

Where C_i is the direct cost in US$ per km for route standard i (supervision and overheads excluded), and where i is one of the four standards given in Table 3.

SL -the inclination in pct of the major slopes (slopes longer than l m) of the hillside
Sti -the values of the four road standards as taken from Table 3, i.e.

O -for trails for wheel skidders and jeeps

one -for secondary feeder roads

two -for chief feeder roads

three -for main and access roads

The cost formula gives costs in US$ as at 1977 and would need to exist adjusted taking into consideration inflationary toll rises in contempo years. The formula applies for the following route widths including shoulders every bit shown in Table 3.

TABLE 3

Values used for Dissimilar Road Standards

Standard	Description	Road Width	Value (Sti)
1	Access roads and main primary roads	10 to 12 m	3
2	Primary feeder roads	viii to 10 m	two
iii	Secondary feeder roads	five to seven thousand	1
4	Skid trails	three.five to 4.five grand	0

It should over again be mentioned that this formula can just serve equally an approximation in a route structure estimate for the elements mentioned and it is not applicative at all for costing of ridge roads.

Instance: direct construction costs should be calculated with the above mentioned equation, making the following assumptions. Required is a secondary feeder route on a 30% gradient. The equation and so reads:

C₃ = 370 +(27 x 30 +1050) x one + (48 x thirty x 1) = 3 670 US$

Thus, directly construction costs for the above road standard would amount to virtually US$iii 670. (the actual costs in the area under review should be used).

v.3 GRAVELLING

On soils with low bearing chapters, gravelling is required to increment the load bearing chapters of the road and go far useable past heavy duty vehicles on a twelvemonth-round footing. Depending on the carrying chapters of the ground (underlying soils), the road width and the availability of appropriate gravel textile, including its transport costs, gravel costs can rise up to sixty percent of the full costs then go the most expensive item. Sometimes the non-availability or availability from far-distant sources of gravel in certain forest areas tin can be large factors in determining the viability or not-viability of forest projects.

For piece of cake reference an example of gravel costs from a developing country is given when considering the post-obit piece of work inputs: taking the road material from a natural gravel pit, transporting, spreading and compacting it. When considering a 4 m broad route with 25 cm of gravel thickness, costs would besides utilize per thousand forest road.

TABLE 4

Estimated Costs of Gravelling a Forest Road from a Natural Gravel Pit

Item_Cost in US$/mⁱⁱⁱ ^iv
Natural gravel at the pit	0.xv-0.60
Loading of pocket-sized quantities	1.10-two.10
Loading of large quantities	0.25-0.45
Transportation	one.70 per chiliad^three plus 0.10 per one thousandⁱⁱⁱ/km
Grading	0.20-0.xxx
Rolling	0.30 -0.40

⁴ Estimated costs expressed in U.s. $/m³ as at 1980.

When transporting gravel over a altitude of x km the total gravel costs per km may amount to Usa$four.70 to U.s.a.$six.55 per thousand ^three placed on the forest road, thus the cost of a 25 cm thickly gravelled 4 m wide forest road would be US$4 700 to US$6 550.